The culture of the city of Cairo, Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The way of life of the city of Cairo, Egypt - Essay Example Cairo is the biggest city in Africa and one of the most thickly populated social focal point of the region.It is popular for its closeness with the world celebrated pyramids of Giza and Great Sphinx. Cairo has gotten its cutting edge name from the Arabic name 'Al-Qahira. In nearby vernacular, it is additionally called Masr. Legacy Sites Memphis was the old city situated at 20 kilometer toward the south of Cairo, which was established by the pharaoh Menes in 3000 BC. Cairo gets its legacy from Memphis as it stayed most significant city during those days having situated at the mouth of Nile Delta.The remains of the Memphis tell about its brilliant past and they have been saved since 1979 as a World Heritage Site. Legacy destinations, for example, Saqqara (Sakkara) Pyramids, Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Khan Al-Khalili, Egyptian Antiquities Museum, Citadel (Al-Qalaa) and a lot more in Cairo display rich legacy and social pride of the spot. Entryways known as strength were the pride of antiquate d Cairo. They guarded the nation from the foes. It additionally used to fill the need of Source: http://www.touregypt.net/historicalessays/cairogates.htm organization. Just occupants of Cairo were permitted to enter the entryways. In 1087, the three entryways Bab El Fetouh, Bab Zuweila and Bab El Nasr were to worked by Badr El Gamali, the sovereign of armed forces. The Egyptian Museum The Egyptian Museum is situated at Tahrir square in Cairo. Worked in 1897 during the rule of Khedive Abbass Helmi II, it has 107 lobbies. The ground floor is loaded with gigantic sculptures. Mummies and Tutankhamon treasures are arranged in first floors. The gallery is partitioned into a few areas. Old Kingdom landmarks and pre-tradition stuff are housed at second floor. Center Kingdom landmarks are situated in third area. Landmarks of the Modern Kingdom are housed in the fourth segment. Landmarks of the Greek and Roman time frames are positioned at fifth area. Coins and papyrus are set at 6th area. Th e seventh area is dedicated to stone coffins. The burial chamber of Tutankhamun was found by Howard Carter. It took just about 10 years to complete removal occupation to release this burial place. Maybe, the most captivating gathering of ancient rarities that are accessible anyplace on the planet is supposed to be related with the revelation of King Tutankhamun's burial place. Tutankhamun is said to have managed Egypt somewhere close to 1334 and 1325 BC. The burial chamber is housed in the storm cellar of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. In excess of a million sightseers visit the historical center every year other than neighborhood Egyptians. (The Egyptian Museum†¦) Heliopolis The antiquated site of Heliopolis is arranged toward the northeastern side of more noteworthy Cairo in an area called Matariya. It is one of the three old urban areas of old Egypt after Memphis and Thebes. Heliopolis called the 'City of the Sun' in Greek is currently to a great extent encompassed by suburbi a of Cairo. It lay inland toward the west side of the stream Nile. It is said that it was popular for its learning communities and well known sanctuaries, which proceeded in any event, during Graceo-Roman occasions. The city got devastated during 525 BCE and 343 BCE because of Persian attack despite the fact that its old notoriety and structures draw in visitors till date. (Heliopolis†¦) The Citadel The Citadel is generally famous among non-pharaonic landmarks. It houses historical centers, mosques and is one of the most intriguing landmarks on Cairo’s horizon. When seen from Source: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/citadel.htm the north side, it uncovers its actual medieval fabulousness. The region was known for its cool wind. Saladin fabricated the territory to protect themselves from the aggressors in light of the fact that the region had a key favorable position of sitting above Cairo. Actually, Saladin had executed his local custom of Syria where every town w as constructed like post to shield the nearby ruler. The development was round towers with the goal that it could be utilized to flank fire on the individuals who attempt to scale the dividers. The bastion dividers were made 10 ft thick and 30 feet high. After Saladin a few rulers strengthened the structure of fortress. (The Citadel in

Relative and Radiometric Dating

Two general procedures used to make sense of the period of rocks is relative dating and radiometric dating. We will look into the qualities and shortcomings of the two techniques. As indicated by Lutgens and Tarbuck, Relative dating is the procedure in placing occasions in their appropriate arrangement. Relative dating depends on presumption, not ready to give a precise date but rather an expected timeframe where the stone began from. A Danish researcher, Nicolaus Steno is licensed for the Law of Superposition. This law fundamentally discloses to us that each layer of sedimentary stone is more youthful than the one underneath it which is portrayed in figure 8. in the content. Steno is additionally certify for the Principle of Original Horizontality. The standard is appeared in figure 8. 4 in the content demonstrating rocks exacerbating with dregs raising in stature that have not been upset by geographical unsettling influences. Another relative dating process is the Principle of Cros s-Cutting Relationships. This happens when shortcomings constrain themselves through more seasoned rocks. This implies the issues or embankments have entered layers of silt that were saved some time before the interruption. By actualizing these hypotheses and procedures, we can accept a timeframe in the Earth’s history where these stones start from. Notwithstanding, this is a supposition and not a particular time as appeared in figure 8. 10. Radiometric dating is the way toward evaluating the period of rocks from the rot of radioactive components inside the stone example. This procedure uses radioactive isotopes to date volcanic rocks. These radioactive isotopes have a particular number of iotas that current themselves unsteady. These particles will definitely rot through a progression of advancements. We will accept Uranium as model. Uranium will eventually rot into the steady component lead. The dad component being the Uranium and the final product making the girl component lead. Radioisotope dating is utilized to date volcanic rocks that have cooled from their liquid stage. it is accepted that all little girl components have gotten away through the huge warmth. Once cooled, no components will get away from dependent on supposition. If components do get away, is through radioactive rot. As indicated by Lutgens and Tarbuck, The rot rate that happens is estimated in Half Life. This is the period of time that one portion of the rest of the iotas to rot. This can be estimated in a lab by finding the rot rate and tallying time in reverse to discover the age of the stone example. Relative dating and radiometric dating have numerous qualities yet additionally numerous shortcomings. Relative dating gives a general time span where the stone exists while Radiometric dating has a logical equation to give a progressively precise record on where the stone started from. Be that as it may, it is sheltered to assume that the two procedures depend on suspicion and not exacting logical certainty.

English as a Second Language Tests and Admission COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

English as a Second Language Tests and Admission COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog First let me say from a personal standpoint that I admire anyone who is able to communicate at a high level in more than one language.   Mastering a second language is certainly a huge achievement.   My wife speaks three languages very well and each time she rapidly transitions from one language to another it makes my head spin.   And she types all three languages well even on an English keyboard with no foreign language characters.   Shes my hero. Half the time when I try to speak a bit of Korean I end up speaking broken Spanish, and when I try to speak Spanish broken Korean comes out.   I am convinced that my Latin American apartment neighbors think I am crazy because half the time when I try to say hello, Korean comes out instead of Spanish. Mastery of English is very important to the Admissions Committee at SIPA due to the rigorous and fast paced nature of our curriculum.   I thought I would provide a bit of insight into how the Admissions Committee views English test reports submitted by applicants that do not speak English as a native language. SIPA will accept three tests that measure the ability to communicate in English:   TOEFL, IELTS, and a test administered at Columbia University called the English Certification Test (this test must be taken on our campus).   Scores can be divided into three categories. Category 1: We cannot offer admission based on the score regardless of how impressive the rest of an application may be. Category 2: We can offer provisional admission (only for the fall cycle).   Candidates offered provisional admission must enroll in a mandatory, three week, intensive English course hosted at SIPA in the summer. Category 3: We can offer unconditional admission. For categories 2 and 3, applicants must of course not only score at high level on the English exam, but must also put together a compelling application in all other regards. We do have minimum scores for admission and they are: TOEFL iBT: 100 TOEFL Computer: 250 TOEFL Paper: 600 IELTS: 7 ECT: 7A We can offer admission to candidates that achieve these scores, the offer will be provisional however if the scores fall within the following range: TOEFL iBT: 100 109 TOEFL Computer: 250 267 TOEFL Paper: 600 633 IELTS: 7 -7.5 ECT: 7A 8A And finally, we can offer unconditional admission to candidates that achieve the following scores: TOEFL iBT: 110 and above TOEFL Computer: 270 and above TOEFL Paper: 637 and above IELTS: 8 and above ECT: 8B or above In all cases scores must be less than two years old.   We do not require official test reports to consider candidates for admission.   Candidates can self report test scores on the application Web site all the way up to the Admission Deadline.   Therefore, if you take a test at a late date, as long as you can log in to the application site prior to the deadline to submit the scores achieved, the scores will be accepted for consideration.   Only candidates that are offered admission will then later be asked to submit official test scores for the permanent academic record. We do recommend that you list our code when taking the TOEFL.   Our TOEFL test code is 2161.

Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay - 1363 Words

Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Ethics can be defined as the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethics. Immanuel Kants deonotological ethical theory assesses if actions are moral based on the persons will or intention of acting. Kants theory can be categorized as a deonotological because actions are not assessed to be morally†¦show more content†¦The maxim has to be consistent and able to be applied to every situation, for every person. The other main point of Kantian moral theories are the differences between imperfect and perfect duties. Perfect duties are those duties that one must always perform in a particular situation, whereas imperfect duties are those that one must perform only when the situation arises. Utilitarianism is another theory in which its main objective is to explain the nature of ethics and morality. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory which is based upon utility, or doing that which produces the greatest happiness. According to a utilitarian the morality of act is found just if the consequence produces the greatest overall utility for everyone. However, if the greatest possible utility is not produced, the action is then morally wrong. This view says that a person should act as to produce the greatest overall happiness and pleasure for everyone who may be directly or indirectly affected by the action. Therefore, a utilitarian would require that for every action the corresponding consequences for every action should be thoroughly weighed and alternatives proposed before deciding whether or not to perform such an action. Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are similar in the respect that they both attempt to explain how one can goShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia: Kantianism vs Utilitarianism1599 Words   |  7 Pageson John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism ethical theory, and Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative ethical theory. According to Utilitarianism, euthanasia can be morally justified, whereas according to Kantianism, euthanasia is not morally justifiable; but I will argue that neither position provides an adequate resolution to the issue, due to the significant flaws that are inherent in the reasoning that led to their particular positions. According to Utilitarianism, ethics is primarily anRead MoreThe Moral Aspects Of Utilitarianism1619 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Owen Williams greatly influenced philosophical ethics through several studies on the moral aspects of Utilitarianism. His complex thinking and theories, along with his unique approach, gave him a great amount of recognition towards other theorists in his field. He expressed the majority of his beliefs through his writings in which he stressed his critiques of Utilitarianism and Kantianism and emphasized the importance of moral rational. His study of both external and internal reasoning helpedRead MoreThe Moral Principles Which Control An Individual s Behaviour1820 Words   |  8 Pagesspecific scenario, seeing how both perspectives differ and deciding which one is better in the given scenario. Utilitarianism is the theory in normative ethics that believes the best action is the one which provides the most happiness. This is known as the Greatest Happiness Principle, the belief that the less pain an act produces, the more morally praiseworthy that action will be. Kantianism on the other hand is the belief of Emmanuel Kant, asserting that the act itself is more important than the consequencesRead MoreUtilitarianism Facing Abortion4725 Words   |  19 PagesUtilitarianism Facing Abortion MBA 6277 Table of Contents Abstraction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Ethical Principals and Methodologies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Utilitarism †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Types †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Statistics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read MoreAffirmative Action: Equality for All? Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination is wrong and we should all have equal opportunities in a color-blind society but then gives opportunities solely based on race. Affirmative action is unethical and this idea is supported by moral philosophy subjects such as Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Social Contract, and Virtue Theory. Arguments against affirmative action are that it: creates reverse discrimination, lowers standards for minorities, and demeans true minority achievement. Arguments supporting affirmative action areRead MoreInternet Banking3249 Words   |  13 PagesInternet Banking (with examples from Developed vs Developing Countries) Presented to: Bert Lind Presented by: Group No.1 †¢ S101417 Shahid Javed †¢ S104503 Mumtaz Ali †¢ S104451 Asif Iqbal †¢ S101291 Mm Mudassar †¢ S101659 Muhammad Shahzad Abstract We have discussed internet banking and security issues. Then we have given comparison of internet banking in developed countries and developing countries on the basis of security and infrastructure issues. Examples of banks are given from Pakistan (HSBC) andRead MoreThe Ethics Of File Sharing1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe increasing amount of internet usage. (3) On further study via surveying usage, riskiness, and preferences of media, people told an activity is likely to get caught doing and has a large fine is 7% likely to continue performing. This statistic is vs 75% likely to continue performing illegal acts if low risk of getting caught and low fines. (3) Using this information, increasing estimated risk and increasing actual fines will have a great reduction in piracy (3). To do that, high schools and colleges

The Persecution Of The Jewish People - 1105 Words

There is masses of historical debate surrounding the progression of Jewish persecution by the Nazis, this often fuelled by ‘intentionalists’, who believe Genocide was indeed the intention of one man from the beginning, rather than the theories of the ‘moderate functionalists ‘, that reason that the persecution of the Jewish people was a progression of radical policy ,of an entire group of people, due to the perceived failings of the Nazis previous racial policies. Section 2 Introduction - Nazi Regime began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany - 6 million Jews had been killed by the end of the Nazi regime - Both Intentionalists and Functionalists have there valid scholarly and ethical points - Notable†¦show more content†¦Existed throughout European nations for centuries. Rulers placed legislation and restrictions on the Jewish community previously (E.g. Napoleon) - Memoirs written by Hitler while serving prison time for treason â€Å"The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew. â€Å"(Adolf Hitler – Mein Kampf ) - Racial Purity and spatial expansion became the core values of Hitler’s Party and Regime - April 1 1933- Nationwide boycott of Jewish owned businesses - September 15 1935 - Nuremberg Laws are instituted ( Jews classed as second class humans - revoked political rights → marriage and sexual relations between Germans and Jews made illegal). - November 9, 1938 ‘ Kristallnacht’ (night of broken glass) Nationwide program, set in motion by Joseph Goebells Speech in response to Killing of German Propaganda minister by Young Jew in Paris. Sees homes, businesses and synagogues stormed and at least 91 Jewish peopke killed and 30,000 arrested. - Saw the beginning of Expulsion and Ghettonisation of the Jewish community, transporting masses of Jews out of Germany to occupied territory. - The series of events surrounding the persecution of the Jewish people shows strong lack of organisation and planning by Hitler and the Nazi party in how to approach their ‘Jewish

African American art Free Essays

NNamdi Collection of African- American Art is composed of musical art, literary works and other artistic works that expressed African American ideas for freedom. To speak of African American evoked many negative ideas during the human rights activism against slavery. Such ideas as post colonialism, transnational, ethnicity, race and racism, Black Nationalism and many other terms emerged during this period. We will write a custom essay sample on African American art or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Tololyan, 1996, the African Diaspora, as African Americans were referred to, became the paradigmatic case towards the end of the 20th century. The continued experience of the racial experience became crucial in the emergence of transnational identities of the African Americans due to their background as sons and daughters of slaves. The emergence of music as an art of expressing grievances by the African Americans in the 20th century has a relationship with the emergence of African American sensibilities. An essay, Travelling Music and musicians, the author explores the globalization of African Americans plights using music with special; focus on the exchange between African America, Europe, and the Black combined in the opposition to racial subjugation. The racial tribulations faced by the blacks brought the idea of unified black musical ethos. This consequently brought the forging of collective identity through opposition to common enemy. This brought out the ease with which the complexities of the African Americans dissolved into a binary opposition between Blacks and whites. According to Faye Harrison (1998: 617), the construct has become nearly impossible to uproot, even though currently there is an increasing multicolored and multicultural society where racial barriers are continuously sealed with interracial marriage. The contest is still on the whiteness or blackness of an individual. Faye continue to state that the unending structural quality of racism with its set of economic political, ideological as well as color hierarchies continuously places blacks at the bottom of the ladder and this consequently is the cause of ultimate contest that reinforces the tendency of binarism. Claims of ‘Africanness’ as idealized and articulated through music is more or less similar to the nationalists’ assertions of an opposite political valence in the 20th century (Potter 1998). According to Pamela Potter, German sense of superiority in music was principally used to uphold the racial superiority ideologies. According to her study, she revealed that claims of music’s attachments to the collective attachments to people’s characters ca never be separated from the political and historical use to which such claims are upheld. African America’s literature is celebrated musically, spiritually, and emotionally as a sign of remembrance to the past role of art in the common struggle against social in justice. It is also important to remember that German National Socialists in the early 20th century too claimed to be musical people, considering their passionate depth and spiritual transcendence through the work of art (Potter 1998: 200-234). Potter clarifies that this should not be used to suggest that African Americans assertions of the centrality of the music can be equated to those of National Socialists, but should be used to underscore the importance of placing the spiritual and emotional dimensions in the context of solid historical as well as social practice. This article therefore links music, cultural identities, historical and political forces, and globalized economies in the 20th century with crucial and larger projects of analyzing the African American musical sensibilities. This rejects the idea of static African American essence of favoring more continuous redefined and negotiated sense of culture that springs up from generation to generation in response larger majority white race. Black Atlantic- Paul Gilroy (1993) In his book, critical Atlantic, Paul Gilroy is critical of the debate on the African American cultural studies and arguing for the centrality of the music for the construction and maintenance of the interethnic identities. Gilroy’s arguments centers on the multiplicity of the cultural flow between the African Americans, Caribbean, Britons, and North Americans. In his work, ships were chosen because of their symbolic middle age passage to invoke and provide his visual image for the transatlantic interaction. However, his continued work dwells in music is significant in making his point. He identifies three principles that regard relationship between race and culture. These three principle positions are: ethnic absolutism, anti-essentialism, and anti-antiessentialism. In his description of positions of black music, he believes that the music is divided between those who see the music as a source of political charge towards enhancing the blackness identity and those who would dispute the existence of such a unifying factor in any political environment. According to his views, anti-essentialism is a social constructionist and ideological view of race that is often ‘insufficiently alive to the lingering power of specifically racialised forms of power and subordination’ (Gilroy 1998: 32). Gilroy expresses his displeasure by describing it as tantamount to forsaking the mass of black people in the societal system of governance. He elaborates his ideology by stating that he takes an exception to the idea that racial identity is simply an ideological effect. For Gilroy, even though he is against the idea of essentialism, race is not an imagined community, something that can be deconstructed so as to neutralize the importance of black homology. The ability of music to link several expressive styles like language, dance and clothing as well as presenting idealized ethical and social sensibilities is central in the symbolic presentation of African American settings. In understanding the spiritual and ethical aspect of the Jazz performance, the combination requires several combination of voice, the ability to play with multiple musical parameters during performance and well as understanding the cultural foundation of the music. This gives the ethical goal of the music that it eventually makes sense such that a particular group of people can identify with. Gilroy argues that this deep sense of belonging is not an escape but deep involvement of the art of music for the African Americans. This provides means of cultural integration with coping strategies for racism. In his book, ‘’Communities Style’’, Veit Erlmann analyses the song ‘The Lion Sleep Tonight’. This song was done by South African Zulu migrant workers lead by Solomon Linda and was recorded at various diasporic locations. Here Erlmann is specifically interested in the way this music was altered as it was revived and re interpreted by a succession of groups like the Weavers in 1952 and the Tokens in 1961. These two groups were all American groups. Other versions came from the collaborations between Ladysmith Black Mambazo and the Mint Juleps in 1990. On all these versions of the song, at stake here was the construction of the African American identity through music. Erlmann described this as ‘Endotropic performance’ to emphasize the interracial construction of identity through similar styles. These forms of identities have emerged under this increasingly globalized social life. He describes this scenario as strange because a persons understanding of him or herself in the social world is no longer coinciding with the widely dispersed locations. Jerome Harris n his essay, ‘Jazz on the Global Stage’ , Jerome Harris provides an insiders analysis of the globalization of Jazz, based on his professional involvement for more than twenty years as a guitarist and bassist on a research he together with promoters, editors, journalists, other musicians and managers. He calls his work‘Ecology of jazz’. This is a web of interrelations between art makers, art users and mediators. Harris provides a very rich portrait of jazz in terms of performance and reception, especially in Europe (Bob Thompson, 1962:221). More importantly is his approach to jazz music as a tool of identity and aesthetic. He asks two main questions, who owns jazz? And what is the appropriate aesthetic for the jazz music. He tries to delineate the tension between African Americans sense of ownership of the music and the increasing participation of the non African Americans both as musicians and consumers. According to his views, he suggests that the reason why many African Americans have believed that they own the origin and aesthetic value of jazz is because of the collective loss of identity that was threatening to dismantle the cohesive black communities in the post-civil rights era. This belief wa also held by many non-African Americans. In his views, Harris identifies two basic principle of coping with the dilemmas of who owns jazz. He chooses the classic dichotomies of tradition/innovation and mainstream/avant-garde. Both sides of his debate is respecting tradition and putting emphases on innovation. While other artists work tend to ward off the outside influence on the jazz music, some emphasizes the importance of accepting the necessary changes that may come with globalization of jazz music as a sign of identity by a particular group of people in their own way (Charles W, 1945: 33). At the end, Harris concludes that the globalization and the hybridization of jazz music pose a painful experience of identity as well as cultural ownership for African Americans. At the same time, he sees it as offering new interesting possibilities when players interact with the rest of the world’s music. Conclusion From the three works of art discussed above on the music as a sign of identity, it is clear that both artists agree that music has been the defining link for cultural identities. In some of the African Americans views on the ownership and identity of the music, it has been grossly affected by the modernization and the globalization of the world where the different aspects of arts have been diluted. This is the conflict between tradition and modernity which has been said to be dominating the debates. In Europe the, the visual art seems to dominate the tribal art category where the sculpture was used to express the feelings of particular social response in the art scene (Alma Thomas et al 1973: 123) These arts explore the popular feelings of the people and to some extent the other group of people does not understand the con text of the grievances when responding to such complains. This was the dilemma of the music as an art in the early years of social uprising in the American society. Here western critics mostly devoted most of their attention to their culture and ways of thinking giving little attention to the expressions of these arts. The American cultural studies has shown emergence of arguments about the centrality of the music for the construction and maintenance of the interethnic identities. Such arguments centers on the multiplicity of the cultural flow between the African Americans, Caribbean, Britons, and North Americans. In most of this art work, ships were chosen due to their symbolic middle age passage to invoke and provide the visual image for the transatlantic interaction. However, most of the works of different artists continued to dwell in passing the message of discomfort. This identifies different principles that regard and guide relationship between different races and culture. Bibliography Tololyan S, 1996: The African Diaspora-An African American perspective, Chicago, Chicago University Press Gilroy P, 1998: critical Atlantic-Movement of art, Martin Puryear, Lever Veit Erlmann, 1993: Communities Style, an art of expression, New York, Captive printers Faye Harrison, 1998: The slum Gardens, Gift of the Sandra and Charles Gilman, Jr. Foundation in memory of Dorothea L. Leonhard Alma Thomas et al, 1973: Red Rose Cantata, Denver, Colorado, acrylic on canvas Charles W, 1945: Mother and Awaiting His Return, New York, Gift of Jacob Kainen How to cite African American art, Papers

The United Arab Emirates

The environments and culture of a country are the major aspects that influence business and people’s readiness to get involved in one. UAE is a unique place that has its own qualities of life and business expectations. The United States is another nation that is very business oriented and the culture of American people is also definitive of organizations. There are differences present between the two but mutual businesses unite environments and cultures for reciprocal beneficial future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The culture of a nation or country is the single most important determinant of the environment, in particularly relevant to business. The United Arab Emirates is a multicultural society that revolves around religion, traditional lifestyle and economic development. Within the past decades, the UAE have seen major changes in businesses a nd growth. Even thought there is separation between classes and incomes, most recently, it has been considered the land of opportunity where business will prosper. This has led to a significant increase of migrants, who are developing and contributing to the nation. Oil and gas industries have played an influential role in the progress that has taken place. This resulted in the rise of many projects within the EAU, including infrastructure, residential construction, education and manufacture. The establishment of companies involved in sales and services created opportunities for business to move into the region and expand their success. The communication systems and internet have aided in the coordination of businesses and people’s involvement in small companies and corporations. The environment has become very efficient for opening and operating in the UAE. Because the soil for development is becoming very rich with possibilities, the economy is estimated to grow with an inc rease in GDP of up to ten to twelve per cent. This would lead to as much as thirty to forty billion US dollars extra, in comparison to previous years. Tourism, shopping and the culture itself are very alluring to people and potential businesses. The federal capital Abu Dhabi, alone outputs over 90 per cent of all oil in the country and 9 per cent is thought to be a stable reserve in the whole world (Doing business with the United Arab Emirates, 2006). Security and stability of the environment have been at a constant increase, as the government is becoming more tolerant and has been implementing policies that help for businesses to be successful. An example would be the taxation system and allowance for specific â€Å"zones† where ownership and operation is fully given to the owner of the land. The government welcomes new businesses and has lowered tariffs on the imported goods. The system and administration also protect any investments and ideas, such as trademarks and intell ectual property. At the same time, the government has designated for a portion of the profits to be contributed to the budget and development of the local economy (The report: Dubai 2008, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The benefits of the general environment and the conditions that the government offers create a strong foundation for business and further expansion. The constitutional rights and laws that are centered on proper regulation of the society help businesses to prosper. The government has made its regulation one of the major benefits, as it provides the necessary transportation, production, communication and property distribution (Doing business with the United Arab Emirates, 2006). The United States have greatly contributed to the growth in the United Arad Emirates, as the cooperation within the oil industry is very beneficial for both sides. EAU governmen t welcomes any international partners and has close relations with the United States. The environment in the US has also been well conditioned for businesses. The infrastructure and cooperation within many political and economical divisions has been the goal of the past several years and the government works closely with society to adhere to the highest standards. The ability to open a private company without any danger in relation to illegal activity from administration forces and local authorities has given rise to development. Establishment of joint ventures and other partnerships have allowed for easier export and import transactions. It is estimated that within last fifteen years, international business and specifically those in UAE have increased up to 120 per cent of common profits. Loans given by the government, banks and credit companies have low interest rates which provide healthy environment for business both domestically and internationally. The policy makers have orien ted themselves allow for more opportunities and more cost efficient trade with companies outside the United States (Duncan, 2004). The government has played an important role in the progression of business. The time needed for the preparation and process of documents were largely decreased. The customs have been adjusted to better aid in clearance and technical support, as well as handling of the products and services. It is very much involved in the domestic but also international transportation and handling, in relation to any business. The overall costs and days needed for the transactions have been lowered, so that the businesses have an opportunity to receive significant gain. The environment in the United States is thought to be one of the most beneficial, as there are specific laws that observe and support fair trade. People’s rights are one of the necessary aspects of any business and the authorities make sure that everyone abides by the same rules. This enables indiv iduals and business owners to expect certain things and adjust, as well as predict tendencies beforehand which allows for better control and manipulation of the business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, both United Arab Emirates and the United States has very adequate environment for business. Even though the culture, traditions and people’s beliefs are somewhat different, the business world has made cultural borders almost non-existent. As it is always important to know the ethics and details of the nation where business is being carried out, United Arab Emirates has made the conduct very easy and laid back. The only limitations might become problematic during religious times and days but other than that, the business environment is very much westernized. Any interruptions by side deals or misunderstandings are taken as an unavoidable par t and will not be judged harshly. The local politics have been mostly aligned with businesses and the federal system is very welcome to any economic growth supported by domestic and international organizations. Even though the global crisis has had some influence on the conduct of the business, the strong economies of United Arab Emirates and the United States have been able to survive and continue development (Langran, 2007). The business world is very dependent on the environment and cultural specifics of a nation. The society and governments play a crucial role in the establishment and further success of a business. The interconnection of domestic and international factors enables businesses to carry out activities that are closely controlled by local and worldwide ethical standards in the best way. References Doing business with the United Arab Emirates. (2006). London, United Kingdom: GMB Publishing Ltd. Duncan, R. (2004). Transnational America: Contours of modern US culture. C openhagen, Denmark. Museum Tusculanum Press. Langran, R. (2007). Government, business, and the American economy. Maryland, United States: Rowman Littlefield.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report: Dubai 2008. (2008). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Business Group This essay on The United Arab Emirates was written and submitted by user Heaven Vaughn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft The WritePass Journal

Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft Abstract Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft Abstract1. Introduction 2. Principles behind how the GPWS work3. The modes of GPWS3.1. Mode 1 – Excessive descent rate3.2 Mode 2 – Excessive terrain closure3.3 Mode 3 – Excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around3.4 Mode 4 – Unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration3.5. Mode 5 – Excessive descent rate below the instrument glide path.  4. Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System5.1  Ã‚   Mode 6 – Excessively steep bank angle5.2   Mode 7 – Excessive windshear protectionRelated Abstract Inventing an aircraft by The Wright Brothers at the beginning of the 20th Century had a huge impact on the world we live in now.   It is generally accepted that their â€Å"Flyer† was the first powered and controlled airplane in the world.   A decade later the first commercial flight took place marking the beginning of commercial air travel.   However, from the very beginning the most important aim was to make air travel as safe as possible. 1. Introduction Since the invention of the aircraft, one of the major causes of accidents was when a fully functional aircraft was unintentionally flown into the ground or water.   The number of this kind of accidents prompted the engineers at Boeing to introduce a new term in the late 1970s called Controlled Flight into terrain or CFIT. According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life.   There have been over 9,000 deaths in different parts of the world due to this since the beginning of the commercial jet age.[1] There have been fewer accidents thanks to the Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS).   The TAWS which is capable of alerting the crew if they fly dangerously close to the Earth surface has substantially and effectively reduced the number of accidents caused by CFIT.   It has to be stressed that the invention of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) in late 1960 is widely credited to a Canadian engineer Charles Donald Bateman. Currently there are two types of TAWS used on the aircrafts.   The first type is called Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS).   Admittedly, GPWS is an older system but in 1996 a second type which is an improved version on GPWS called Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System or EGPWS was introduced.   GPWS and EGPWS are one of the most vital systems on-board modern aircrafts.   They are designed to alert the crew by means of aural and visual warning of immediate danger of colliding with the ground, water or an obstacle such as a mountain. 2. Principles behind how the GPWS work The Ground Proximity Warning System automatically and continuously monitors the clearance of the aircraft above the surface. The principle of work is based on Continues Wave Radar.   Continues waves are transmitted towards the ground and once reflected they are picked by the receiver.   The time taken for the waves to return is measured and it indicates the distance between the plane and the Earth surface. The heart of the system is a computer which collects data from the radio altimeter and predicts the future terrain features.   As the radio altimeter only provides the distance between the aircraft and the surface directly below it, the computer has to keep track of the terrain features and predict terrain that is directly ahead of the aircraft. The above can only be achieved and done correctly if the surface does not have significant changes in heights, but in a situation when there is a dramatic change in terrain, then invariably GPWS fails.   It is also referred to as a â€Å"blind spot†. However, the blind spot has been eliminated with the introduction of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System. 3. The modes of GPWS The Ground Proximity Warning System operates in different modes.   Depending on the situation, the GPWS responds in a particular manner and provides the crew with a specific aural alert or warning and visually by illumination of warning lights.   By monitoring the aircraft’s flying path and its altitude, the computer determines the risk of collision with the Earth surface and based on that it provides crew with either of the two warnings: a Soft Warning or Hard Warning. The GPWS Alert or Soft Warning informs the crew that a potentially dangerous situation has been detected and it requires attention.   It indicates that the dangerous situation may develop and it should not be ignored, but the aircraft is not in immediate danger. The GPWS Warning or Hard Warning informs the crew that the aircraft is threatened by grave danger and that immediate action is required. 3.1. Mode 1 – Excessive descent rate Readings from barometric altimeter and radio altimeter are combined together and the crew is informed of excessive rate of descent.   When the rate of descent exceeds the limit an aural alert â€Å"SINK RATE† is issued and the amber warning light comes up.   In a situation when the descent rate becomes even more severe the system generates an aural warning â€Å"PULL UP† and the red warning light illuminates in the cockpit. 3.2 Mode 2 – Excessive terrain closure Notifications are based on the readings taken from the radio altimeter.   The System monitors the clearance between the aircraft and the ground.   The crew is informed of the change of the terrain below and when the aircraft is flying into the slope of a mountain or across steep features. If the aircraft’s height above the ground decreases, an amber light illuminates and an aural warning â€Å"TERRAIN† is generated 90 seconds before the aircraft flying path and the earth surface crosses.   However, if no action is taken and the clearance between the aircraft and terrain decreases even more then 30 seconds from the predicted collision an aural warning â€Å"PULL UP† is issued and a red light comes up. 3.3 Mode 3 – Excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around Data collected from barometric altimeter, radar altimeter and indicated flight speed are combined together by the GPWS computer in order to detect an altitude loss after take-off or a missed approach. In such circumstances an aural alert â€Å"DON’T SINK† is generated and the amber light starts illuminating. During the decent this mode of the GPWS is not armed until the aircraft is 60 meters above the surface. 3.4 Mode 4 – Unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration The computer generates alerts and warnings indicating that the clearance above the ground is insufficient for the current flight path while landing gear and flaps are not in the landing configuration.   Consequently, there are two alerts issued by the system – â€Å"TOO LOW GEAR† and â€Å"TOO LOW FLAPS† depending on what is causing the problem. An amber warning light will also come up accordingly.   However, if the aircraft altitude continues decreasing and the landing configuration is not corrected, the crew is issued with a voice message â€Å"TOO LOW TERRAIN† and the warning light will come up. 3.5. Mode 5 – Excessive descent rate below the instrument glide path. The GPWS monitors the flying path of the aircraft in a situation when crew uses an Instrument Landing System (ILS) for approach and landing.   The system generates an aural alert in the event of the flying path exceeding 1.3 dot below the ILS glideslope and an amber warning light illuminates in the cockpit.   As the deviation increases, the voice message â€Å"GLIDESLOPE† becomes more frequent and louder.   4. Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System As technology advanced and so did the aviation industry.   And with developed technology the basic Ground Proximity Warning System was proven to have a â€Å"blind spot† making it not 100% reliable. Therefore, inventing a new and better system capable of tracking and predicting terrain ahead of the aircraft, even with dramatic changes in the steepness of the ground became a necessity.   The problem was solved with the introduction of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System.   The new system was mainly based on the GPWS but in order to avoid shortcoming of the original system EGPWS was also equipped with Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance system, allowing the computer to â€Å"see† what is ahead of the aircraft. The EGPWS computer has a worldwide digital terrain database containing natural terrain features as well as man-made obstacles and uses Global Positioning System to determine the position of the aircraft.   The position of the aircraft, its altitude and ground speed is sent to the computer which combines all the information together and compares it with the map of the Earth terrain stored in the database.   The information is then presented to the crew on the Terrain Awareness Display.   There are different colours on the digital map each representing a different height of the terrain features relative to the aircraft current altitude (Figure 1).   It has to be noted that the system is being continuously improved and some of the modern most sophisticated flight management computers are capable of analysing the whole route and inform the pilots of all potentially hazardous obstacles along the flying path. 5. The modes of EGPWS Since the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System is based on the basic GPWS, it has all the five modes same as its predecessor.   However as EGPWS is more advanced than GPWS, in addition to five modes described earlier on it also introduces two new modes. 5.1  Ã‚   Mode 6 – Excessively steep bank angle The purpose of this mode is to inform pilots of an excessive roll attitude for the flight conditions.   The system generates an audible alert â€Å"BANK ANGLE†.   If the situation worsens and the roll attitude is being increased to 40% above the original callout, the voice message â€Å"BANK ANGLE† repeats itself continuously. 5.2   Mode 7 – Excessive windshear protection This mode is designed to inform the crew of excessive wind shear during take-off and final approach.   The warnings are provided between the altitudes 10 – 1500 feet above the ground level.   If the wind shear exceeds the limits, the EGPWS generates an aural alert â€Å"WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR† and the amber light comes up in the cockpit. 6. Conclusions It goes without saying that the introduction of Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems has significantly reduced the number of accident caused by Controlled Flight Into Terrain.   Modern Systems installed on-board civil and military aircraft are able to predict terrain ahead of the aircraft without â€Å"blind spot† which was present in the first Ground Proximity Warning Systems.   Unfortunately despite advancement in technology and modern equipment, the accidents caused by CFIT still happen.   They are many reasons behind that and common among them would be bad weather, navigation system failure or more often pilot error. Most commonly these types of accidents occur during approach close to the airports.   For instance in 2010 alone two major crashes took lives of many people.   On 10th of April 2010, Polish Air Force Tu-154 Flight crashed during final approach in Smolensk airport in Russia killing 96 people including the president of Republic of Poland, his wife and many government and military leaders present on board that fatal flight.   Three months later on 28th July 2010 another tragic crash happened in Pakistan.   Airblue Flight 202 carried 146 passengers and 6 crew members.   There were no survivors. Developing new systems and improving the existing ones may one day lead to complete remove of CFIT type of crashes.   As for now however caution still should be executed during pilot training to ensure that every pilot flying the aircraft equipped with EGWPS is fully trained to use the system, understands the warnings and is able to properly react to the situation. 7. References [1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain#cite_ref-boeing_0-1

List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt

List of the 29 Governorates in Egypt Egypt, officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a republic located in northern Africa. It shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel, Libya, and Sudan and its boundaries also include the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean and Red Sea and it has a total area of 386,662 square miles (1,001,450 sq km). Egypt has a population of 80,471,869 (July 2010 estimate) and its capital and largest city is Cairo. In terms of local administration, Egypt is divided into 29 governorates that are administered by a local governor. Some of Egypts governorates are very densely populated, like Cairo, while others have small populations and large areas like New Valley or South Sinai. The 29 Governorates The following is a list of Egypts 29 governorates arranged in terms of their area. For reference, capital cities have also been included.1) New ValleyArea: 145,369 square miles (376,505 sq km)Capital: Kharga2) MatruhArea: 81,897 square miles (212,112 sq km)Capital: Marsa Matruh3) Red SeaArea: 78,643 square miles (203,685 sq km)Capital: Hurghada4) GizaArea: 32,878 square miles (85,153 sq km)Capital: Giza5) South SinaiArea: 12,795 square miles (33,140 sq km)Capital: el-Tor6) North SinaiArea: 10,646 square miles (27,574 sq km)Capital: Arish7) SuezArea: 6,888 square miles (17,840 sq km)Capital: Suez8) BeheiraArea: 3,520 square miles (9,118 sq km)Capital: Damanhur9) HelwanArea: 2,895 square miles (7,500 sq km)Capital: Helwan10) SharqiaArea: 1,614 square miles (4,180 sq km)Capital: Zagazig11) DakahliaArea: 1,340 square miles (3,471 sq km)Capital: Mansura12) Kafr el-SheikhArea: 1,327 square miles (3,437 sq km)Capital: Kafr el-Sheikh13) AlexandriaArea: 1,034 square miles (2,679 sq km)Capital : Alexandra14) MonufiaArea: 982 square miles (2,544 sq km)Capital: Shibin el-Kom15) MinyaArea: 873 square miles (2,262 sq km)Capital: Minya16) GharbiaArea: 750 square miles (1,942 sq km)Capital: Tanta17) FaiyumArea: 705 square miles (1,827 sq km)Capital: Faiym18) QenaArea: 693 square miles (1,796 sq km)Capital: Qena19) AsyutArea: 599 square miles (1,553 sq km)Capital: Asyut20) SohagArea: 597 square miles (1,547 sq km)Capital: Sohag21) IsmailiaArea: 557 square miles (1,442 sq km)Capital: Ismailia22) Beni SuefArea: 510 square miles (1,322 sq km)Capital: Beni Suef23) QalyubiaArea: 386 square miles (1,001 sq km)Capital: Banha24) AswanArea: 262 square miles (679 sq km)Capital: Aswan25) DamiettaArea: 227 square miles (589 sq km)Capital: Damietta26) CairoArea: 175 square miles (453 sq km)Capital: Cairo27) Port SaidArea: 28 square miles (72 sq km)Capital: Port Said28) LuxorArea: 21 square miles (55 sq km)Capital: Luxor29) 6th of OctoberArea: UnknownCapital: 6th of October City

Physician-Patient Interaction Adaptation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physician-Patient Interaction Adaptation - Essay Example Based on these theories, the proponents substantially built a framework for their study which essentially included the concept of non-verbal communication in maintaining or obtaining genuine relationships in health care. The subjects included in this study were physicians and their respective patients confined in the hospital. The proponents were interested to dig on the non-verbal communication that existed between the physician and the patients and their probable mutual responses. Based on these responses, the researchers then had enough starting point to conclude that in physician-patient communication, mutual influence could probably exist. B. Identify the object of study (What is the researcher using to build their arguments and answer their questions?). The researchers collected sufficient number of articles or researches that are related to their study. From these studies, they tried to find important gaps particularly on the importance of effective communication in delivering quality standard health care service. They have elaborately discussed the psychosocial concerns in physician-patient interactions (Duggan & Bradshaw, 2008). All of these have become the basis of what method they should use in their study. They decided to employ videotaping technique in order to document the actual non-verbal responses of their subjects. All of the patients involved in the study were having chronic illnesses so dealing with them might probably be one of the most challenging activities for their entire treatment process. Effective communication process should be substantially required from the attending physician so as to come up with effective response such as cooperation from the patients. The proponents of the study tried to see to it that this important information should be documented through a videotape. C. Summarize the main inferences/conclusions of this article (In your own words, write the key conclusions presented in the article). The article found that no n-verbal cues or responses coming from physicians would potentially create specific reactions from patients. The said response from patients was found to be positive because it would improve the patient-physician interaction through a positive communication process prior to the delivery of quality care. What so central about this study is the ability of the researchers to find ways to investigate whether patients and physicians reciprocate nonverbal rapport-building communication behaviors and talk about how illness affects roles and relationships (Duggan & Bradshaw, 2008). D. Offer a practical application of the research (Explain how this research can have a real life application). Doctors or physicians are the ones patients would listen to as far as they would want to hear opinions regarding their health condition. Patients even confide personal and confidential information just to be able to receive the right diagnosis. It is therefore important that doctors should be able to lis ten to their patients effectively through a very effective communication process. Effective communication process as stated in the research would create rapport, and improve relationship-centered interaction between the doctor and patient, and all these can be shown in their non-verbal responses (Duggan & Bradshaw, 2008). In other words, the said research and its important findings about the importance of communication can be used by doctors and patients most particularly on improving the quality of health and service care. Doctors in particular

Introduction to Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Psychology - Research Paper Example It took off as a spark of fantasy, matured over time and suddenly turned to a reality of frustration and hate. Finally it became an obsession which demanded to be fulfilled. The killer found that photos and trophies that were substitute for the thrill of putting an end to life that electrified his very soul. He believed that he was smarter than the cops and could easily outwit them. The element of danger added to his perverted excitement. It was a chilly winter day on January 15th, 1974 the Charlie Otero came home from school only to find his parents and four siblings murdered in the most ghastly fashion. All the victims had their hands and feet bound together and were placed head down Except for his sister Josephine who was hung by her neck from a pipe and was only partially dressed with a sweatshirt and socks. Her little brother Joseph had three hoods placed on his head and was lying face down at the foot of the bed. The purse of Julie Otero was dumped and the father Joseph Otero Sr. missing watch there was no evidence of either a robbery, a struggle of forced entry. The search was on by the Wichita Police Department who investigated and found that the four murders took place between eight and nine in the morning. The conduct of the parents as well as the children was extremely good and invited no enmity which made the murders all the more shocking. Nine months after the murders of the Otero family, in October 1974, and anonymous call was received by the Wichita Eagle’s Don Granger and receive directions to go to the Wichita library and looking into a mechanical engineering text book. Action was taken and they found a letter detailing the murders of the Otero family and promising other victims in the future. He said he was guilty of the murders but can’t stop the monster in his head. His code words are – â€Å"Bind them, torture them, Kill them – BTK and warned that they will see it on the next victim. On April 4th, 1974, his next victim came

Sociology and Why young people commit crime

Sociology and Why young people commit crime Sociology, along with certain other multidisciplinary focuses, provides a number of reasons for why young people commit crimes. Chief amongst these is a lack of employment, the breakdown of the family, urban decay, social disenchantment, social alienation, drug abuse, and a host of others. For example, it had been proposed that integration be viewed through patterns of role relationships  [1]  however on the other hand it had been argued that new legal powers essentially comprise an extension of punitiveness underpinned by stigmatising and pathologies constructions of working class families.  [2]  In both cases, separated by a number of years, a number of factors are to blame the state, parents, and so on but little if any answers are proposed. Sociology in its broadest forms offers a prescriptive view of the world and this can leave it lacking when tasked with answering questions that arise out of its interests but which its interests cannot qualify. As a 2006 study on you th crime in nova Scotia put it, youth crime is multifaceted. On the one hand, most youth commit crime, and most typically grow out of crime as they age. Longitudinal studies further suggest there are several risk factors that place certain youth at increased risk of offending. At the same time, there are youth with many risk factors who never participate in offending behaviour while there are youth with few risk factors who have established criminal careers.  [3]  It is here that sociology comes unstuck, unable to handle the sheer multi affectedness of youth crime with an academic outlook that seeks to place youth into easily identifiable boxes. It is here That criminology, psychology, psychiatry, and social policy step in to try and make sense of this multiplicity and advise on policies which can both decrease the number of youths committing crimes, whilst encouraging those already in such a position to leave it behind. According to most commentators, growing out of crime is on the increase. Furthermore, a lot of youth crime is to a certain extent, to be expected, quite aside for reasons of social delinquency. The establishment of the new youth justices system was a reaction to this fact. As sociologists noted that certain levels of delinquency were normal, a new policy entered in the UK that sought to treat all crimes as punishable by a formal criminal justice sanction. The effects of this have been to label a young offender as an offender from an early age. On youths, this has a number of effects. The first is to further entrench criminality into the culprit, whilst the other aims to encourage the youth of the pointlessness of crime , providing punishments that equal the crime, but that also aim to dissuade against further criminal acts. Questions also arise about how to differentiate between males and females. Goldson and Muncie  [4]  note that women tend to grow out of crime earlier than boys. Whilst a sociological approach to this seeks to question why this may be, the criminological approach must make do with knowing that after the age of 18, youth offending begins to fall, particularly self-reported offending. As youths mature, they tend to swap certain crimes for others. Thus shoplifting and burglary decrease whilst fraud and workplace theft increase as they enter the labour market. These are questions best answered by the statistician than the sociologist. Theories that rely on concepts of individual pathology are redundant in the light of sociological developments in criminology. In recent years, there has been a wholesale turning away from concepts of individual pathology in sociology, necessitated by advancements in criminology which place a greater social burden on the reasons for crime. Haines draws a contrast between individualised explanations of criminal behaviour and approaches which seek to place crime in its situational and social context.  [5]  However, the positivist view that Darwinian notions of physiognomy may in some way be responsible for defining characteristics of a criminal are by now very outdated. More modern theories of criminality, derived in part from sociological studies, but also from the dismantling of the Darwinian myth of universal positivism, have led researchers to take the view that criminals are made, rather than born. That means that they are socialized in a society that views criminal behaviour as entirely rational and in keeping with the social and cultural norms of that milieu. Whilst exceptions still abound, particul arly in the case of the clinically, ill, this view informs much policy thinking and policies aimed at reducing youth crime. There are of course exceptions to this, but they remain very much the exception. Individual pathology is so closely linked with the notion of pathology that it is too universal, cutting across all classes, as to be specific enough to the rigours of criminological profiling. Criminology in its current incarnation looks at why crime exists in society and in order to do that, it needs to look at the ills of society. Taking their cues from Marx and Engels, the modern idea of criminology seeks to give answers that look at social questions as much as pathological ones. Accordingly, the individual pathology model is a control oriented ideology which serves to locate the causes of problems in specific individuals and which supplies the relevant knowledge and understanding to develop the appropriate technologies and social policies for controlling deviant members. Crimi nological theorizing thereby becomes a means of providingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a means of legitimating current policies which become justified as forms of treatment rather than punishment.  [6]  In this argument, the archaic individual pathology view becomes not only outdated, but also unfairly punitive, prescribing a series of judgments upon a larger, unclassifiable group. It strips the moral imperative from those enlisted to uphold it, and takes an awkwardly narrow view of society as a whole.

The Systematic Phonics Case Education Essay

It is apparent from the epoch of 80s and 90s where rational bookmans and instructors presented new influential thoughts sing instruction of English. The field of instruction of reading is a topic that is immensely researched and still under farther research. Harmonizing to Pearson ( 2002 ) , â€Å" Man-made phonics was the chief method of learning since the beginning of twentieth century, this type of learning comprises exercising of larning missive names, sounds of letters and after so intermixing of these † ( pg, 1 ) . As the twentieth century progressed, it brought more extremist alterations of attack. Smith ( 1971 ) focused on the country sing the development of the capableness to read. Harmonizing to him, the reading has something that an person learned to make instead than something an person was taught. Man-made phonics is non a new of learning reading, in fact, its function of being outstanding and popular instruction has been an unintended result of the whole linguist ic communication acceptance attacks in British schools. Harmonizing to Rutter ( 2006 ) , every bit far as man-made phonics is concerned the rating of research has to be set long term and it needs to be made certain that kids with larning troubles should be assisted with different ways in order to do difference. Stuart ( 2006 ) emphasized that new options has to be seek so that recommendations on national degree could be made, Stuart made this suggestion to Rise â€Å" the current research grounds is non sufficient for leting reliable judgements of the effectivity of implementing different attacks to systematic structured phonics learning † ( Stuart, 2006 ; p11 ) .Systematic phonics CaseAmerican National Reading Panel ( NRP ) , in footings of research grounds and instruction of reading related inquiries, was amongst the critical subscribers who reported in learning kids in English reading ( NICHD, 2000 ) . The study consisted of inquiries sing the early literacy such as ‘Does systematic phonics direction aid kids learn to read more efficaciously than non systematic phonics direction or direction learning no phonics? ‘ ( P92 ) . ‘Are some specific phonics programmes more effectual than others? ( P93 ) . The decision from these inquiries was that ‘specific systematic phonics programmes are all significantly more effectual than non-phonics programmes ; nevertheless, they do non look to differ significantly from each other in their effectivity although more grounds is needed to verify the dependability of consequence sizes for each programme ‘ ( NICHD, 2000, pg93 ) . In another case, a comprehensive instruction of reading attacks research was commissioned by England ‘s Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) in order to polish the NRP methodological analysis by bring forthing a randomised controlled tests ( RCT ) tests. Research workers in their work concluded that grounds has been seen in RCT surveies which could turn out the effectivity of one signifier of systematic phonics compared with that of other ( Torgerson et al, 2006 ) . Rutter ( 2006 ) besides commented that the of import facet of determination is that RCTs are one signifier of optimum research conditions. The existent message that is apparent from the meta-analysis, carried out by NRP and its limitation to RCTs, is the thought of importance of literacy acquisition every bit far as systematic instruction of phonics is concerned ( Torgerson et al, 2006 ) . Rose ( 2006 ) besides agreed with this decision by saying that â€Å" the importance of systematic phonic work is huge and could be more effectual if incorporated with man-made attack, after looking at its grounds which is wide-ranging † ( Rose, 2006, p20 ) . However he emphasizes that regardless of commonalty amidst systematic phonics and man-made phonics, it is therefore the man-made phonics which can offer much better class to going skilled readers for early scholars ( p19 ) .Man-made phonics instanceTwo surveies were reported by Johnston and Watson ( 2004 ) , in which the 2nd experiment was carried out before the first one and is of greater importance since it is related to intercession. This intercession varied from normal to extra schoolroom tuition get downing six hebdomads after school entry. The excess preparation kept on traveling for 10 hebdomads holding 2 categories per hebdomad wholly consisted of 114 printed words. The one group was taught 2 letters per hebdomad by agencies of assorted games played where kids matched images and words by merely pulling their attending to initial w ord sounds and letters of those sounds while other group was taught in all places of the words such as enhanced acquisition and blending of the missive sounds in all places, while being taught 2 letters per hebdomad every bit good ( Johnston and Watson, 2004, p347 ) . What writers concluded was that the group with man-made phonics were far much better in footings of reading and spelling every bit compared to analytic phonics group and therefore, the man-made phonics proved to be effectual attack to learning spelling, reading phonemic consciousness as comparison to analytics phonics ( Johnston and Watson, 2004 ) . Rose ( 2006 ) besides stresses that man-made phonics gives more indispensable accomplishments that allows the bulk of students to read and compose in front of their chronological age. Harmonizing to her, the 20 per centum pupils who have jobs with literacy still have better foundation of the reading rudimentss and merely necessitate excess clip and engagement.Pearson ‘s FindingssPearson ( 2003 ) became portion of fact-finding programme to derive some penetrations of the kids sing their reading position, their advancement every bit good as things that were their facets of success. During the 6 month period, she met the student twice, questioning the kids for about 30 proceedingss. Children were assured of their confidentiality in order to garner honorable responses so that school can improvize on its judicial admission in the coming academic old ages. She conducted semi-structured interviews from the students, and to assist them she used a ocular prompt based on Kelly ‘s attack ( Leadbetter et al, 1999 ) . The thought she got from both interviews was related to the public presentation e.g. both the gender expressed that they stumble when they read out loud and that they do n't wish reading in the schoolroom and maintain on spellings make them bury what to read. When the students ‘ position was asked sing the good readers, they commented that the good reader read louder and faster and that the difference between good reader and bad reader is that, the good reader makes the hapless book sound good while bad readers makes a good book sound drilling. Hence the result was that good readers have much better frequence every bit good as have much better reading. These positions of students were seen apparent even after nine months despite of the hint that their thoughts of literacy in the secondary school were developing. Few students continued to the thought that there reading is affected when they get prep and that reading is largely non the portion of their prep. Therefore the basic f eeling of kids sing reading can be confusing and if concepts of kids ‘s reading are to develop helpfully so there should be a strategic program for this. Assurance is another factor act uponing the public presentation degree Fahrenheit reading, less assurance can demo apparent diminution in their reading public presentation. Persistent and on-going encouragement of students in their reading can promote their public presentation and there are staff members holding peculiar accomplishments, they can portion the same accomplishment with other staff members to assist pupil improvise. Harmonizing to Pearson ( 2003 ) , the influential function of household is besides imperative in the procedure of reading. In her interviews with kids, she found out that students appreciated transporting out reading with person they knew although this chance was non gettable all the clip. Families promoting the privation of student to hold reading spouse might assist them in come oning and therefore will get down to hold more acute involvement in reading and may purchase books of their ain involvement for their reading calling. In footings of feedback, due to the deficiency of instruments used there were no specific standards for students ‘ thought of advancement as compared to prove consequences. However, at primary instruction phase, kids are really competent to track the advancement they made by agencies of utilizing information like coloring material they are on, the groups they are working in and or the degree with which they are asked to read. Though, this sort of system was recognized to be least available at the phase of secondary school instruction. Introducing wide stairss at the secondary degree may let the kids to track and place the advancement they have made in reading efficaciously. Hence, the critical phase for schools to ease or detain students ‘ accommodation is the period of passage that includes the Year seven. Supporting the reading procedure, hiking the assurance degrees, influential function of household and the students ‘ feedback are the most effectual ingredients in developing literacy accomplishments for both primary and secondary stage of the school.DecisionThe scope to which instruction of reading should do the stuff appropriate to be taught has been still in the Centre of statements sing reading teaching method. There is disagreement traveling on sing the all right ways to poising work on whole texts with sub-word-level work. One manner to attach man-made phonics learning firmly in an redolent context is to straight associate it to pupil ‘s books and other complete texts. The Rose Report has by now started to hold a consecutive influence on national educational policy in the United Kingdom since harmonizing to the study, the inst ructors and trainee instructors should be required to learn reading through man-made phonics foremost and fast. The interviews conducted by Sue Pearson gave two factors that encouraged the schools in order to give serious consideration to the findings, foremost was the honest responses from the students since they gave positive free of vacillation response and did n't felt forced sing their reading advancement. Second the students took engagement really earnestly. The interviews conducted gave wide scope of future considerations to schools since students shared their likes and disfavors in the reading advancement. Majority of them seem to hold better advancement in reading when they were motivated and acquiring aid from household or person they wished to read with. The information provided by the interview may play a cardinal function in the secondary school in footings of be aftering a proper focal point on the literacy and heightening student ‘s accomplishments. Hence the research of Sue Pearson consequently, discovered student ‘s aspirations, both in footings of short-run and lo ng-run every bit far as instruction of reading is concerned and will be an on-going aid for instructors in the chance.

The Athenian Assembly Of Build A Fleet Of Triremes

According to Herodotus Histories book he states â€Å"Themistocles convinces the Athenian assembly to build a fleet of triremes†, which will be explained more as you read on. Both sides had very similar ships - the Triremes- which were 40-50 ton wooden warships up to 40 m long. Light, streamlined, and manoeuvrable, they were powered in battle by 170 oarsmen split in three ranks down each side of the ship. They were able to rapidly accelerate, break, zigzag, and turn 360 degrees in just two ships’ lengths, good seamanship could place the vessel to best advantage and employ the principal strategy of naval warfare at that time which was to ram the enemy. The way the Greeks prepared for the battle was, they had 371 triremes and pentekonters which were smaller fifty- oared ship, successfully under Themistocles, but officially led by the spartan Eurybiades. According to Herodotus he mentions that â€Å"The Athenians with 182 ships, half the whole fleet, - 40 from Corinth; 3 0 from Aegina; 20 from Megara; 20 from Chalcis; 16 from Lacedaemon (Sparta), 15 from Sicyon; 10 from Epidaurus; 7 from Ambracia; 7 from Eretria; 5 from Troezen; 4 from Naxos; 3 from Hermione; 3 from Leucas; 2 from Ceos; 2 from Styra; 1 from Croton; and 1 from Cynthus. The total number of warships was 368†. Herodotus also mentions the Persians fleet: â€Å"1,327 warships from the Persian allies and subjugated states present at Salamis. These included 300 from Phoenicia; 260 from the Greek cities in Asia Minor; 237 from theShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Themistocles in the Greek Defeat of the Persians in 480 - 479 BC.1486 Words   |  6 PagesDarius past defeats, vowed to extend the empire further west into the lands of Greece though was unsuccessful. His failure is largely attributed to the foresight and strategies of a respectable, wealthy Athenian citizen, Themistocles. Themistocles strengthening of the Athenian navy and unification of Greek states in the Panhellenic League along with his strategies in the battles of Thermopylae, Artemisium the pivotal Greek naval triumph at Salamis, all contributed to the ultimateRead MoreThe Greeks : The World s First Inventors Of Democracy, Politics, And Art1349 Words   |  6 Pagesis said to believed that is was Athens first step to an empire and glory. It was also the first time that the people had turned on its ruler and seized power for themselves. Cleisthenes was recalled from exile and asked by the people of Athens to build a government. They would meet at a meeting rock were Cleisthenes instituted the first vote. The people of Athens and Greece would soon come to know of a new threat trying to over throw them from power, The Persians. The Persians empire spread fromRead MoreAssess the reasons for the Greek victory over the Persians in 490 to 480/479 BC. Make a judgement based on outcome, results and values.2658 Words   |  11 Pagesfrom Miltiades who had in depth experience in Persian combat. As opposed to the Persians, the Greeks were willing to co operate in the defence of their country which directly lead to their success. Both Callimachus and Miltiades convinced the Athenian Assembly to send an army to Marathon. At Marathon, the 10 strategoi were equally divided in decision as to whether to attack the Persians or retreat, as they were heavily outnumbered. A decision was made to attack, and each of the generals was given one

Effectiveness Of Highly Sequenced Cognitive Behavioral...

In 2005, Swedish researchers, Nevonen and Broberg, investigated the effectiveness of highly sequenced cognitive-behavioral therapy for Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders and anxiety. They released a study examining thirty five EDNOS participants with a mean age of 20.5, matched and randomized to twenty three sessions of sequenced CBT, followed by either individual or group therapy. Intention-to-treat analysis was used and participants were measured pre, post-treatment, and at one and 2.5 years follow up. Their findings showed that both sequenced based groups yielded a recovery of only about 10% at post-treatment; about 60%had not changed their binge-eating, purging, or restricting during or in conjunction with completing the†¦show more content†¦Researchers cite potential hypotheses for the decline such as 1) poorly trained therapists; 2) inexperienced psychotherapists; and 3) the placebo effect, meaning that the ‘newness’ of the technique has worn o ff (Pretzer, 2015), but suggest that more research is needed to confirm the substantial decline in clinical outcome measures. Areas of Disagreement in the Research Holistic Treatments: The Causal Model Emotional Etiology Integrative medicine and holistic therapy for obesity and comorbid anxiety are partners in treating the whole person, knowing that one part of a person cannot become ill, or well, without all of the other parts being affected (Clinton, 2010). Therapists Emmett and Rabinor (2007) of Rhode Island are advocates of the holistic treatment of eating pathology. They cite that holistically healed individuals possess a relatively stable sense of inner well-being, contentment, and the feeling that they fit and belong to their surrounding community – ‘a robust reclamation of the complete self, physically, emotionally, and spiritually’ (Emmett et al., 2007, p. 82). Thomas (2009) supports this presupposition adding that recovery must encompass this profound personal transformation not merely changes in behaviorally verifiable criteria such as weight gain, caloric intake, and binge cycle frequency (From the Editor section, para.3).

The Practicality Of The Elderly - 2214 Words

The Practicality of the Elderly in Contemporary Society After reading Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Walden†, I was mesmerized by a certain paragraph on page five. In said paragraph, Thoreau states how worthless the elderly actually are. He writes about them having no advice worth listening to and how any valuable experience he has gained throughout his life was not taught to him by his seniors. More specifically, he says â€Å"I have lived some thirty years on this planet, and I have yet to hear the first syllable of valuable or even earnest advice from my seniors.† This stance is magnanimously contradictory, as most of the world would be opposed to such ridicule. Ponder on the topic and ask if there truly is any usefulness of old people. I feel that there is some truth behind the Thoreau’s diction. The elderly can grant no largess of economical gifts, however they do provide a strong basis for moral and ethical enlightenment. This essay will be divided int o two main sections. The first section has four subdivisions while the second section has three. In section one, I will dive into the economic burdens old people place on the world. The first subdivision in this section will prove that old folks are economic burdens, followed by subdivision two where I tell of the simple change needed to fix that problem. To conclude this section, I will tell why old people need another source of income in subdivision three and then reflect on the section as a whole in subdivision four.Show MoreRelatedPrinciples of Euthanasia1412 Words   |  6 Pagessiblings of looking after his elderly discrepant father, instead of devoting his time and nursing him and keeping him healthy, he can just apply for a lethal injection to have his father put down so he can concentrate on his own life. This is the type of thing the slippery slope argument believes could happen if it became acceptable to kill people, it would devalue human life. There are arguments that support the intentions behind euthanasia such as its practicality. It is in a way wrong to argueRead MoreMany Efforts Have Been Made To Understand Suicidal Behavior.However,1426 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with suicidal behavior. Personal history, more precisely a previous suicide attempt, is the strongest risk factor for subsequent suicide death (AFSP, 2015; Biddle et al., 2012; De Leo, Draper, Snowdon, Kà µlves, 2013; WHO, 2014). Due to practicalities limit, it is impossible to include all robust variables associated with suicidal behavior. 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With this, those who choose to end their life with dignity have lived long enough to make such a decision. In places where assisted suicide is legal there is no evidence that the law is being abused, impotent populations are being targeted, or that

Mahatma Ghandi Free Essays

Year 11 Community and Family Studies Individuals and Groups – Leadership Term 2 Assessment MAHATMA GHANDI . Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, known as Mahatma , or ‘Great Soul’ was a successful leader who managed to cause major political change in countries that experienced an abundance of racial discrimination and cultural inferiority . The two most signi? cantly effected countries that experienced direct positive empowerment because of Mahatma Ghandi were South Africa and India. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatma Ghandi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reason for Ghandi’s immense success with each goal he set was his strong self belief, resilience, persistence and determination. Apart from these characteristics allowing Ghandi to achieve his goals, they made him an exceptional example of an effective leader. In South Africa Mahatma Ghandi fought for Indian civil rights, his success resulted in the reformation of the anti- Indian Legislation, by South African Of? cials. Throughout the history of South Africa racial discrimination was always prevalent among society. Native Africans, Indians and Asians were constantly subject to racial injustices, particularly from the 1800’s to 1959. Examples of this are evident throughout the legislations and laws that were directed at Indians; Indians; -Could only freely migrate to South Africa as indentured Labourers (labourers on contract) – They had none of the rights of full citizenship – Were not allowed to own property or land – Were only granted temporary residence -Forced to pay of sum of ? 3 if they were ex-indentured Indians that failed to reindenture or chose to return to India after their labour contracts were completed . Had to live in government allocated areas for ‘sanitation’ purposes – Were the only race that had to complete a educational, health, age and means test in order to gain admission into the country with the exclusion of Indian indentured labourers. (this purpose of this test was to stop further immigration of ‘free Indians’ (Indians that came to South Africa not indentured) ). -Were prohibited from marrying the ‘Whites’ (People of Eur opean descent e. g. Dutch, German, French ) These government policies were discriminatory against the Indian race and resulted n them (Indians) being assumed as an inferior race in society which further resulted in the excessive mistreatment of Indians. Being exposed to these racial inequalities, and having been of Indian race Mahatma Ghandi was well aware of these racial inequalities as he stated â€Å"I discovered that as a man and as an Indian I had no rights†. He recognised that change needed to occur in order for the Indian race in South Africa to be equalised within society. This recognition then lead Ghandi proposing an action plan of ‘passive resistance’ which he was leader of. The result of his passive resistance which was taken up by hundreds of other supporting Indians in South Africa was the . reformation of the anti- Indian Legislation ( mentioned previously). This meant that the Indian Relief Act was passed, consequently improving Indian civil rights. The act; – Abolished the ? 3 poll tax -Recognised marriages contracted in terms of traditional Hindu and Muslim rites – Indian children of parents living in South Africa are allowed to immigrate Although these modi? ed policies of legislation did improve Indian Civil Rights, there were still major parts which remained law that were racially unjust. For example; Indians were still prohibited from owning property in Transvall and Orange Free State. -Indians were not allowed to reside in Orange Free State. – Restrictions still existed on Indian trades. In 1869 India was part of the British Empire, which meant that Britain ran the government, made laws and took advantage of India’s natural riches in particularly salt, in order to make pro? t. The fact that the British Empire ruled India, basically meant that the Indian’s own country had to a degree been taken from them; they were living in a country that was not theirs. After ? hting in the British Army in Europe during First World War (1914-18) Indians, felt that in return they deserved to be granted Independence. Believing this Ghandi resolved to ? ght for Indian Independence or what he referred to as ‘Swaraj’ . Ghandi’s method of ‘? ghting’ was inspired by his belief of Satyagraha, meaning truth force. He stated â€Å" Satya graha has been designed as an effective substitute for violence† . In order to achieve this vision Ghandi employed his method of civil disobedience. ?He urged Indians to resist British rule by going on strike. ?He went on hunger strikes ? He made protest speeches ? Encouraged Indians not to wear clothes or pay British taxes – this was the beginning of Ghandi’s Cloth Campaign; he ordered the public to burn their British clothing and instead spin their own thread and make their own clothes. ?Encouraged Indians not to buy British goods, go on strike from their jobs and attend rallies to hear him speak. ?The most signi? cant event that Ghandi lead to achieve Indian Independence in India was the ‘Salt March’ ; during this event Ghandi lead hundreds of his followers to Dandi Beach were he picked up the ? st handful of salt. This symbolised that Indians would no longer bow to British laws. This occurrence was so important because it showed rebellion to British law. During this time (1930’s) it was made law that Indians could not collect their own salt, they had to purchase heavily taxed salt from the British. However after Ghandi’s action, Indians started collecting their own salt. . Mahatma’s main goal was to achieve Indian independence, however he fought for better working conditions for poor weavers and went on a fast until he won them a wage increase. He also set up a ashram which was communal farm, on this farm Ghandi accepted a group of social outcasts, labelled the ‘untouchables’ . The untouchables were seen as the lowest rank in society’s hierarchal structure and therefore they were outcasted and not associated with. By Ghandi’s encouragement and acceptance of the untouchables into the communal farm despite the protests of his followers he showed his belief that all people were equal. Mahatma Ghandi’s approach to protest became popular within society and rapidly he accumulated hundreds of followers, ? hting united with the same intention which was further reason why Ghandi achieved Indian Independence. â€Å"Mass civil disobedience is like an earthquake†, said Ghandi. This same principal which Ghandi proposed and then employed into every protest project he was involved in, is reason why he was such a successful leader. Despite Mahatma Ghandi’s direct action to empower individuals to stand up for what they believe in in South African and India , Ghandi inspired the whole world to do the same. The actions and principles that he utilized resulted in the global empowerment of individuals. His ethics and protesting strategies are still seen in present political rebellion. Mahatma Ghandi was a highly successful leader because he was able see injustices within society, which others experienced and encourage and enforce society to passively yet affectively ? ght in solidarity for positive change. The New Oxford American Dictionary de? nes leadership as ; the ability to lead skillfully. Mahatma Ghandi’s most prominent quality was his leadership, his superior leadership style was the main reason for his successes. There are many diverse leadership styles, such as ; Task-orientated, People-orientated, Autocratic, Collaborative/Democratic, Laissez-faire, Transformational and Cultural. Each of these leadership styles present a leader with varying leadership skills which effect the dynamics and productivity of group members. A transformational leader, such as Ghandi maintains a focus on teamwork and initiative. They provide direction and a goal for the group to achieve and encourage and empower the group members in achieving the goal. As leaders they utilise lateral thinking, promote individual growth and development and group decision making and keep the group focused and productive in reaching their goals by giving regular feedback. Transformational leaders are deeply involved in the group and are constantly enthusiastic and energetic about the input of individuals. This generates a trusting environment where group members feel comfortable to cooperate with group members. Mahatma Ghandi’s transformational leadership style was evident throughout his lifetime, despite the varying group and situation. When analysing his successes, in . particularly his ? ght for equality in South Africa between Indians and the ‘Whites’ . He was extremely involved with the Indian Society and produced a clear vision for Indian integration within South African Society. He was deeply involved in his group and worked enthusiastically with each member, encouraging them to strive to achieve a common goal. The reason why he was so successful is because he was able to maintain and initiate intimate relationships with the hundreds of his followers, he empowered each of them to ? ht for ‘satyagraha’ by acknowledging each of their inputs. Individuals that were part of Ghandi’s group felt involved, valued and liberated. Being part of Ghandi’s group promoted individual development. People associated with Ghandi’s group were instilled with Ghandi’s teaching of self belief, discipline and most importantly determination to attain their goals, by non-violence, n on-cooperation and self sustenance. There are varying factors which in? uenced Ghandi’s transformational leadership style. The two most dominant in? uences were his culture and nature of the group. Mahatma Ghandi was of Indian culture, this fact was reason why he was so motivated to gain Indian independence, and the segregation of Indians into South African Society. As an Indian in society, Ghandi’s environment exposed him to racial discrimination and verbal abuse and this consequently effected his growth and development. Ghandi’s resilience and egalitarian nature stemmed from the injustices he experienced, and played a signi? cant role in motivating Ghandi to achieve racial justice. Ghandi’s followers and members of the group were also Indian. Due to the fact that he and his followers shared the same culture ,they experienced the same mistreatment , discrimination and general way of life. Each of these individuals could relate to one another and this was the unifying force. Ghandi was therefore able to lead Indians based on the passion they both shared for racial equality. The nature of the group, refers to quality of relationship that the leader obtains with the individuals part of the the group. Depending on the level of quality that the relationships hold e. g. High-quality or poor quality, leaders can be respected and have more in? ence over the members. Leaders are more likely to have high quality relationships in groups that are informal because members are able to interact positively and more openly; this was Ghandi’s case. Ghandi was able to maintain high quality relationships with the members in his groups and because of this he gained higher respect and had more in? uence over his followers. Mahatma Ghandi was a highly effective leader because he was able to lead his thousands of followers in achieving a common goal. Ghandi’s effectiveness as a leader can be measured by the successfulness of his visions. Ghandi set out to achieve Indian Independence and Racial equality in South africa and he was successful. In the process of achieving his goals, he empowered nations around the world to challenge their governments if they had a problem and ? ght to ? x it. This shows that Ghandi was an overachiever, because he did more than he set out to and therefore was a highly effective leader. Ghandi’s strengths were his; ? De? nite purpose – Ghandi maintained a vision and a set way he was going to achieve this. His goals had purpose and so did his actions towards achieving his goals. Self Discipline – He believed that exercising his self discipline strengthened his commitment to achieve his goals. ?Integrity – He was honest about the way he lived and his beliefs , he believed that believing something and not living it was lying. He would rather have been prosecuted for his beliefs then denying them and this was sometimes the case. He stated â€Å" To believe in some thing, and not to live it, is dishonest†. ?Related to people – he made an effort to truly understand people, thus instilling motivation in him to achieve his goals, not only for what is right but for what the people wanted. He had an extensive understanding of the human psychology and used it along with his public relation skills. ?Self Belief and faith – He believed in himself and had faith that he could attain success. ?Flexibility – he changed his strategies and methods of challenging his oppositions to suit the situation and in turn increased the effectiveness. ?Resilience – despite setbacks he wasn’t deterred from achieving his goals, in fact he was more motivated; he learnt from his mistakes. ?Spirituality – He promoted love and peace in times when another leader would have made a call to arms. Determination ? Persistence ? Focus ? Will to ? ght for his beliefs ? Unconcern of what others thought of his actions, or how he dressed. ?The fact that he was prosecuted by authorities and publicly shamed in some circumstances did not deter him from achieving his goals. Evidently Mahatma Ghandi presented an exemplary leader because of his effectiveness which came from his individual characteristics. However like every leader there are weaknesses, although Mahatma Ghandi’s weaknesses were insigni? cant, and didn’t majorly impact upon his effectiveness, they still existed. An example of this was Mahatma Ghandi’s experiments in ‘Brahamacharya’ . Gandhi became a brahamachari (celibate) when he was thirty-six. He conducted experiments in Brahamacharya which he used to develop his ability to conquer sexual feelings. Although this act was innocent through Ghandi’s eyes, he was highly criticised for it and it became a very controversial issue. He apparently slept with numerous women in order to test Brahamacharya and see if he had mastered celibacy. This event showed weakness in Ghandi as leader, because he made a commitment to elibacy, however afterwards he had sex with women in order to see if he had mastered celibacy. This act caused some of Ghandi’s followers to lack respect in him because he was no a longer a man that refrained himself of intercourse , even through he made a commitment to do so. As a leader, Ghandi created a unique style of ? ghting for what he believed in, which he referred to as ‘Satyagrahaâ₠¬â„¢ . As stated previously in the essay this theory that Ghandi proposed ,meant ‘truth force’ and becoming a ‘Satyagrahi’ meant a ? hter for the truth. His way of resolving and managing con? ict was in? uenced by his belief in ‘Satyagraha’. This meant that individuals were encouraged to ? ght for the truth but in doing so it had to be in a civilised manner. Ghandi is well known globally for his method of opposing the government by civil disobedience and passive resistance. This method was carried out passively, and people that employed this method were encouraged to do so in way that did not harm, violate or create violence with others, even their enemies. Ghandi’s theory enforced communicating your message in a peaceful and civilised manner, which is why he is so highly respected. When con? ict arose within his group or between his followers, he encouraged that they settle the dispute in a civilised manner but also effectively communicating their feelings. He encouraged that his followers didn’t simply give up but rather made sure that their opponents knew how they felt in order to understand where they were coming from. He stated â€Å" Never give in. Never. Never. Never. Never†. This mentality of Ghandi’s was re? cted in his methods of government opposition. He used passive methods such as sit-ins, boycotts, blockades and occupations of buildings, tax refusal, and alternative publications and media. More active forms of passive resistance include strikes, walkouts, protest marches, theatrical protests, and hunger strikes. Ghandi was also an advocate of forgiveness, so if there were disputes or disagreemen ts of any kind within his group he encouraged his followers to forgive the other which further re? ected Ghandi’s philosophy of love, peace and forgiveness between people of religions, races and beliefs. In order for Mahatma Ghandi to have achieved leadership he followed a path which lead him to becoming a leader. Initially Ghandi started ? ghting for the improvements of Indian rights by himself, and through this process he started to gain members which shared Ghandi’s goal. As Ghandi fought for racial equality he caught the attention of others, the media and the authorities. He became well known and during this process, as people began to become familiar with Ghandi and his vision they too joined him, and his members grew and grew. He was not appointed leader by his followers, he was assumed leader. This was the same case in the instance of Ghandi ? ghting for Indian independence in India. He was able to see, by himself that it was wrong for the British to rule India and afterward with the in? uence of others acknowledging the same fact he gained members that shared his beliefs and also wanted independence. This then lead . Bibliography: New Oxford american dictionary – accessed from May 18 – 19. http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/leadership Accessed May 19 , 7:10 pm. ttp://www. mensxp. com/work-life/corporate-skills/3140-leadership-style-ofmahatma-gandhi-. html Accessed May 20 , 9 :30 am. . http://www. guide-to-employee-motivation. com/gandhi. html Accessed May 20, 9 :40 am. http://www. scribd. com/Kunwar23/d/6977301-Leadership-Style-of-MahatmaGandhi Accessed May 20, 10:02 am http://www. kamat. com/mmgandhi/day_with_gandhi. htm Accessed May 20, 11:21 am. . http://www. encyclopedia. com/topi c/passive_resistance. aspx Accessed May 20 , 11: 42 am. http://civilresistance. info/ostergaard Accessed May 20 , 12 pm ttp://www. sikhtimes. com/books_020278a. html Accessed May 20 , 1:18 pm. . http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/Compare. strengths. weaknesses. 89958 Accessed May 20, 1:26 pm. http://www. nndb. com/people/653/000065458/ Accessed May 20, 2:00pm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dalit Accessed 2:13 pm. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ . Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi Accessed May 20, 2:14 pm. http://www. sahistory. org. za/politics-and-society/anti-indianlegislation-1800s-1959 Accessed May 20 , 2:20pm http://www. skwirk. com. u/p-c_s-14_u-309_t-761_c-2862/historical-inquirypeople-motive-and-consequences/ nsw/historical-inquiry-peoplemotive-and-consequences/ investigating-history/historicalinquiry Accessed May 20 , 2: 55 pm . http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keywords/power. html Accessed May 20, 3:21 pm Ghandi The peaceful revolutionary Anna Claybourne 2002 White Thomson Publishing Ltd. The wisdom Of Ghandi Trudy S. Settel 1995. . to Ghandi once again being assumed leader however never of? cially being appointed leader. In a differing case however, in 1919 Ghandi became an active member of the National Indian Congress and was of? cially appointed a leader. He was asked to join the National Indian Congress because his struggle for Indian Civil rights was successful, his ‘satyagraha’ campaign aroused interest and his general ability to effect great social change without employing violence. To conclude it is clear that Mahatma Ghandi was an exemplary leader. What made him such a good leader were his personal characteristics, his style of leadership and how he chose to utilise them in order to achieve his goals. It is evident that Ghandi was a successful leader because he was able to work collaboratively with his group in achieving a common goal being Indian civil rights and Independence. . How to cite Mahatma Ghandi, Papers